曼荼羅

(曼荼羅, 曼荼罗)

[lang id =1028]曼怛羅; [lang id =1028]曼特羅; [lang id =1028]曼陀羅; [lang id =1028]曼拏羅; [lang id =1028]蔓陀囉; [lang id =1028]滿荼邏 (sa) maṇḍala, a circle, globe, wheel ring; "any circular figure or diagram" (M.W.); a magic circle; a plot or place of enlightenment; a round or square altar on which buddhas and bodhisattvas are placed; a group of such, especially the (sa) garbhadhātu and (sa) vajradhātu groups of the Shingon sect; these were arranged by Kōbō Daishi to express the mystic doctrine of the two (sa) dhātu by way of illustration, the (sa) garbhadhātu representing the [lang id =1028]理 and the [lang id =1028]因 principle and cause, the (sa) vajradhātu the [lang id =1028]智 and the [lang id =1028]果 intelligence (or reason) and the effect, i.e. the fundamental realm of being, and mind as inherent in it; v. [lang id =1028]胎 and [lang id =1028]金剛. The two realms are fundamentally one, as are the absolute and phenomenal, e.g. water and wave. There are many kinds of (sa) maṇḍalas, e.g. the group of the <Lotus Sutra>; of the [lang id =1028]觀經; of the nine luminaries; of the Buddha's entering into nirvana, etc. The real purpose of a (sa) maṇḍala is to gather the spiritual powers together, in order to promote the operation of the (sa) dharma or law. The term is commonly applied to a magic circle, subdivided into circles or squares in which are painted Buddhist divinities and symbols. (sa) Maṇḍalas also reveal the direct retribution of each of the ten worlds of beings (purgatory, (sa) pretas, animals, (sa) asuras, men, (sa) devas, the heavens of form, formless heavens, bodhisattvas, and buddhas). Each world has its (sa) maṇḍala which represents the originating principle that brings it to completion. The (sa) maṇḍala of the tenth world indicates the fulfilment and completion of the nine worlds.

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華譯為輪轉圓滿具足、 壇、 道場等。 向例在印度修法時， 必須築壇， 壇中安置佛像以祭供， 後來把修法時所築的壇及佛像， 繪成圖案， 也叫做曼荼羅。